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| National Association for Visually Handicapped (NAVH) |
NAVH is the only nonprofit health organization in the world solely dedicated to providing assistance to the partially sighted. We are committed to ensuring that impaired vision does not result in impaired life. Our mission is to help the "hard of seeing," worldwide cope with the psychological effects of visual impairment and to provide low vision services, visual aids and training to anyone in need of these services.
www.navh.org |
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What is the difference between Vision Impairment and Blindness?
One way of looking at it is...if corrective lenses cannot provide 20/40 sight in at least one eye, you may be visually impaired.
And keep in mind that those who are legally blind--who test 20/200 or less in the better eye after the best correction, or have a field defect in which the widest diameter of the visual field is no greater that 20 degrees--are also visually impaired.
We like to think that being visually impaired means you are "A Little Bit Blind." And chances are you may be more sighted than not.
Consider that the leading cause of vision impairment and legal blindness is macular degeneration which, alone, will NEVER cause complete vision loss. Most cases of diabetic retinopathy do not produce total blindness, although the disease is the leading cause of profound vision loss among young working adults in the United States. Glaucoma, the second leading cause of vision loss in the world, when successfully treated, does not lead to total blindness. Retinitis pigmentosa, in the majority of cases, allows for some residual vision.
While reliable statistics are hard to come by, it is now estimated that in the United States 26,000,000 people are afflicted with some visual disorder. Of these, approximately 1,300,000 are considered blind. Of those only 10% (130,000) have no useable vision or only the ability to perceive light. Therefore, approximately 1,000,000 are called “legally blind”–those who have useable vision. NAVH does not consider anyone blind who falls into this category.
Copyright National Association for Visually Handicapped (NAVH) |
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Black Hawk™ Tobacco Shop |
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The website,
www.shopsandiego.org , is owned by
Black Hawk Tobacco, Inc.
For more information about our company or our products please call us:
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Tobacco History:
The Social History of Smoking
by George Latimer Apperson
First published in 1914
"The Social History of Smoking" by George Latimer Apperson, can be purchased at Amazon.com in two different versions. Depending on the quality of the edition, prices range between $35 and $104.
From Chapter 3: Many good folk would seem to have associated smoking with idling. In the rules of the Grammar School at Chigwell, Essex, which was founded in 1629, it is prescribed that "the Master must be a man of sound religion, neither a Papist nor a Puritan, of a grave behaviour, and sober and honest conversation, no tippler or haunter of alehouses, no puffer of tobacco." A worthy Derbyshire man named Campbell, in his will dated 20 October 1616, left all his household goods to his son, "on this condition that yf at any time hereafter, any of his brothers or sisters shall fynd him takeing of tobacco, that then he or she so fynding him, shall have the said goods"—a testamentary arrangement which suggests to the fancy some amusing strategic evasions and manœuvres on the part of the conditional legatee and his watchful relations.
From Chapter 6: At si Mundungus desit: tum non funcare recusant Brown-Paper tostâ, vel quod fit arundine bed-mat. Tobacco, in Queen Anne's time, still maintained its hold over large classes of the people, and was still dominant in most places of public resort; but there were signs of change in various directions as we have seen, and smoking had to a large extent ceased to be fashionable. Pepys has very few allusions to tobacco; Evelyn fewer still. There is little evidence as to whether or not the gallants of the Restoration Court smoked; but considering the foppery of their attire and manners, it seems almost certain that tobacco was not in favour among them. The beaux with their full wigs—they carried combs of ivory or tortoiseshell in their pockets with which they publicly combed their flowing locks—their dandy canes and scented, laced handkerchiefs, were not the men to enjoy the flavour of tobacco in a pipe. They were still tobacco-worshippers; but they did not smoke. The Indian weed retained its empire over the men (and women) of fashion by changing its form. The beaux were the devotees of snuff. The deftly handled pinch pleasantly titillated their nerves, and the dexterous use of the snuff-box, moreover, could also serve the purposes of vanity by displaying the beautiful [97]whiteness of the hand, and the splendour of the rings upon the fingers. The curled darlings of the late seventeenth century and the "pretty fellows" of Queen Anne's time did not forswear tobacco, but they abjured smoking. Snuff-taking was universal in the fashionable world among both men and women; and the development of this habit made smoking unfashionable. |
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